However, existing design methodologies do not provide a clear and justified answer how the required tensile strength of reinforcement and the external stability change with respect to the distance of the back-to-back walls. In the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) guidelines, the distance between two opposing walls is a key parameter used for determining the analysis methods of back-to-back walls and two extreme cases are identified: (1) reinforcements from both sides meet in the middle or overlap, and (2) the walls are far apart, independent of each other. Structures with more complex geometries or significant external loads are practical and require consideration including, bridge abutments, superimposed walls, walls with uneven length reinforcement and back-to-back walls commonly used for embankments approaching bridges to raise elevations. Several MSEW with simple geometries have been built throughout the world. Geosynthetic reinforcement has been used successfully in MSEW, and has several advantages compared to other retaining structures. Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls (MSEW) are cost-effective soil-retaining structures that can tolerate much larger settlements than reinforced concrete walls.
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